Thanksgiving Ecology in the Woods

 Wandering off trails in the Woods to see new things. (No ticks November.)

Ecological questions floating as I wander, some old, some new:

The variegated leaves of Smilax green briar, does variegation correlate with non-preference for herbivores? Do females laying eggs avoid leaves with more variegation because the light patches resemble feeding damage from previous insects? Same question for other plants with variegated leaves like "wild ginger" Hexastylix arifolia.  Someone has probably investigated this question and may have published some data.

What is the effect of forcing floodwater upstream west of the old beaver dam - where it can remain trapped for weeks, or longer? Nairn asked, Do the soils show developing wetland character? Old bur oaks have been drowned and killed by floodwater remaining too long. Green ash tolerate floodwater better. Can the amount of green ash butt swell be correlated to the longevity of flooding around the tree? Maybe a normal curve?

In dry summer months when 3-6 inch deep (or deeper) crevices open in the soil what communities of invertebrates and other species take refuge there? What happens when floodwaters rapidly fill and inundate the crevices?

Why do some species have very clear boundaries circumscribing their population? (Question similar to one that motivated former OU Prof Katie Marshall). Linda Wallace, late OU Botany Prof, and I puzzled together over the very distinct patches of the Carex hystericina sedge in the southern and western Woods. Patches of this are bordered so sharply. Linda had the same question about what limits the population of green ash in the Woods.

What is the community of insects associated with Solidago goldenrod galls on the SE border of the Woods? I've not seen the galls in any other nearby field, but there are several galls together in goldenrod in one small 3m x 3m patch in the SSE section.

Future projects for student teams: pick-up of old beer cans and other from western boundary? Styrofoam cups, pieces of paper blow in from Chautauqua. More of the same pick-up along the south boundary.

After the Rain, Raccoons

Back to the Woods after two weeks of cold and a light rain. 

The thrill is gone. The beautiful golden color of autumn leaves is gone. Ninety percent of the leaves are down from the trees. Brown leaves cover the forest floor with a pleasant blanket. With most of the leaves down, I can see through the trees, see the winter life in the Woods.

Northeast of the East Pond I watch three large raccoons (fat? thick fur coats?) ascend the steep slope of the escarpment. Likely going to their burrows for a nap. Big pecan above them on the edge of the escarpment broke and fell ten years ago. Its broad root base became a home for a colony of subterraneans - these raccoons? I wonder if the three were siblings, or maybe a parent or two with their progeny. They all looked large, full-grown.

Significant fresh glistening poop (raccoon-like) by old grave trail could have been from one of these three perhaps returning from a night of foraging at the trash station. Interesting to see the trail junction of the Tree Loop and the top of the West Loop trail has become a 'latrine' a location where vertebrates poop repeatedly to mark their territory and leave a calling card. Probably coyote? maybe raccoon?

Two deer crossing the NE field toward Jenkins. More deer 'snorts' west of the Elm Bridge and buck 'scrapes' marking the soil along the west side of the Tree Loop. Breeding and hunting season has arrived.

What is green now in the Woods? The abundant evergreen Euonymus vine, the young Ligustrum privet shrubs regrowing from their roots after 2021 killing February cold. Other exotics, Nandina Heavenly bamboo, Lonicera Japanese honeysuckle, Amur Honeysuckle, Liriope monkey grass, Holly, English ivy, Elaeagnus Autumn olive, Clematis, Multiflora rose, and Pistacia Chinese pistache. Many exotics have a longer green period. Some natives are still green, Sideroxylon Bumelia or Chittamwood, Juniperus western redcedar, two species of Smilax green briar, the twigs and young stem (but not leaves) of Acer negundo box elder, Chasmanthium Inland sea oats, some field grasses Festuca and others growing on the east side of Tree Loop. Some annuals or vines are starting new green growth before the greater winter cold, Stellaria chickweed, Geum Avens, Carolina snailseed, young poison ivy. Some individual trees hold their green leaves after others of the species have dropped them all, the galled red elm above the Eastern Wash, a pin oak on the Tree Loop.

The Woods has now donned its late autumn look and will remain like this until the first significant snow.

Sinkholes

Walking along the Main SW Trail about 200 ft NE of the Grandfather Cottonwood,  I noticed a small depression, the size of a couple of cottonwood leaves. Thinking that it could turn an ankle I thought I'd fill the depression with a bit of weathered wood. I selected a 4 foot long 2 inch diameter dead elm branch and pushed it into the soft soil. It went all the way down - disappeared into the soil. Some sort of mostly hidden remarkable subterranean cavity. I shoved two more sticks in before quitting; and left wondering what had caused and maintained the deep cavity. In the killing heat of the very dry summer, the soil there was broken into irregular polygons with deep fissures between. I wondered then about the fissures as potential refuges or hiding places for smaller fauna. How much more so to have substantial four foot deep cavities in the soil. Refuges for hidden life.

I remember 10-15 years ago walking a quarter mile west from this point, on the same kind of dried wetland soil in the Woods during another La Nina winter like this one, as a substantial rain was pushing fingers of inch deep water through the area. At 2-3 fascinating places the water was sinking, flowing into the soil with a constant boiling of bubbles of subterranean atmosphere pushed out of subterranean chambers. The bubbling went on for a full day. Evidence of hidden worlds beneath the surface of the soil.

Three white-tailed deer running north into the Woods from the Dune trail. They may know they are safe there as hunting season begins.

Leaves

 Thursday walk in the Woods from the southeast gate. Last few days of gentle breezes have brought down more leaves. From the upper canopy seventy percent are down. Tall elms, green ash, pecan are mostly bare. But in the lower canopy seventy percent remain. Sugarberry, walnut, hickory, mulberry, are still in full leaf. I watched golden leaves trickling down in the still, warm air under the cloudy sky. After Friday's storm front many more (most) leaves will be down.

Last two years, dozens of understory trees, mostly mulberry and younger elm in the southeast quarter, re-flushed fresh new leaves in the early autumn. This autumn I see only three trees that have done this. Perhaps the tough summer drought and heat suppressed this.

Walking along the trails they are carpeted in gold.

Scores of robins through the Woods are 'flighty', busy foraging, I think the cloudy skies and sullen heavy moist air must tell them a storm is coming. There are many gathered around the East Pond. Some are dipping for a drink from small teacup-size depressions filled with water in the bottom of the otherwise empty pond. Woodpeckers are flying too, downy and flickers.

One full grown white-tailed deer dashes away. In two weeks, deer hunting season begins on the 19th. I expect to see small herds of deer move into the Woods for protection until early December.

Walking to the Northwest Pond I pass by the fallen Carpenter cottonwood. Its massive upper branches smashed against other large trees, green ash, box elder and locked upright against them. They stand there now like giants locked in combat, a testament to the destructive power of falling canopy trees and the huge weight of their crowns. Elsewhere below the big tree grove, three large trees have fallen together, as if uprooted by some giant's breath, one striking another and that one bringing down the third like dominoes.

I stop to turn over a small rotten log and see the colonies of busy small ants scurrying on the underside. I break off the top third of the spongy rotten log and open the interior where there are three Mesodon snails taking shelter. I imagine they have crawled into the log to find an insulated shelter, safe from the colder weather coming. I wonder why the ants do not bother them. With just a tinge of guilt I put the log back together rebuilding the snails' refuge.

Light rains the past two weeks have started the growth of new agaric mushrooms, two clusters of perfectly formed gray brown agarics with white stems from the base of a half-dead elm and two patches of much smaller golden orange agarics through the bark of a down box elder. Along the Barney's cutoff trail there are a hundred perfect small parasol mushrooms in one cluster. Only good for a day or two, a few have already begun to deliquesce, their caps melting with their spores.

I see new steps built in the Woods. Engineers providing a help on two of the steeper trail sections.

A peaceful golden few hours in the Woods. I will have to return after the storm Friday to see what leaves remain.